During the colonial era, Britain routinely committed
ethnic cleansing and applied genocidal policies in Kenya. It is time Britain
apologized and paid reparations to millions of Kenyans who suffered under
British rule.
To be fair, the British have apologized for one of their
darkest acts in Kenya. In 2013, the government “finalized an out-of-court
settlement with thousands of Kenyans who were tortured in detention camps
during the end of the British colonial reign.” The British were crushing the
Mau Mau — Kenyan rebels from the Kikuyu tribe — who fought in the 1950s and
1960s. It took years before the historic apology and the unprecedented
settlement was finalized in 2013.
In 2022, Kenya is back in the news for seeking justice for
another brutal British act. With nearly 56 million, Kenya is a dynamic East African country. It now has a
literacy rate of 78% but its per capita income is barely $1,879, ranking lowly
144 in the world. Many argue that many of Kenya’s current problems are a legacy
of British colonialism.
British Colonization
For millennia before British colonization, the people we now call Kenyans comprised many
tribes. There was sporadic violence but these tribes lived in relative peace
and harmony. Some communities farmed, others raised livestock, while others
practiced a combination of both activities. Some were hunters and those by Lake
Victoria fished. Production served the needs of communal survival. Family and
clans shared ownership and cooperated in production as well as distribution.
These communitarian societies ensured that no one fell into abject poverty.
Boundaries between different ethnic groups were fluid. Trade and intermarriage
were prevalent. Notably, communities generally operated without the modern
version of the chief.
British colonization ripped apart the social fabric of
the communities who now live in Kenya. British rule kicked off with the
1884/85 Berlin Conference, which deprived Kenyans of their natural,
territorial, and political rights. In 1894, Britain declared Kenya a
protectorate of the Crown. Its officials created Kenya and drew the nation’s
boundaries without ever consulting the Kenyans themselves. These new boundaries
divided existing communities and brought disparate ethnic groups into a new
country. The British created an atmosphere in which communities had to compete
for resources and survival. They ruled over the communities with an iron hand.
Their military expeditions stole people’s lands and forced many to migrate in a
genocidal campaign.
The British confiscated the land they coveted. They
instituted forced labor, turning Kenyans into the property of the British
settlers. In 1902, they inaugurated the hut tax, which forced the natives to
work for the British to pay the tax or be forced to serve the British settlers.
In 1913, they introduced the land bill. This gave British settlers a 999-year
lease and effectively confiscated nearly all Kenyan land. In 1919. they
required all native men to wear identity discs, more than a decade before the
Nazis adopted the same policy with the Jews. In the 1920s, natives were forced
to live on reservations and subjected to flogging, much as the British had done
to the indigenous peoples from North America to Australia.
Mau Mau Uprising
After World War II, India gained independence in 1947. This
inspired the African independence movements. In 1952, the Mau Mau movement for
self-determination began. When Princess Elizabeth and her husband Prince Philip
visited Kenya that year, Elizabeth reportedly went up into a treehouse as a
princess and came down as Queen Elizabeth II.
Whilst the royals were putting up a pretty face, British
forces were planning one of the world’s worst ethnic cleansing operations. They
went on to smash the Mau Mau through brutal methods. When Kenya achieved
independence in 1963, the British destroyed all their official records. In this
Cold War era, the US was aware of British atrocities but looked the other way.
Supported at the “highest levels”, the British purged the
capital city Nairobi of Kikuyu people,
placing them in “barbed-wire enclosures”. They interrogated thousands of
detainees. Their interrogators resorted to all types of torture, including
forced labor, beatings, starvation, and sexual abuse. Records show that one of
those “tortured was the grandfather of former US President Barack
Obama”.
In a span of 18 months, the British dropped “6 million bombs into
Kenya’s forests to disrupt guerrilla activity.” Then, the British “dusted
Kikuyu areas with photographs of mutilated women to intimidate the
populace.”
In her book, Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of
Britain’s Gulag in Kenya, Caroline Elkins observes that thousands of
Kenyans fought alongside British forces against Germany in World War II.
The British repaid the Kenyans with barbarism, not gratitude. They locked up
around 1.5 million Kenyans in detention camps and barbed-wired townships in
response and killed thousands.
In her 70-year reign, Elizabeth never acknowledged or
apologized for British atrocities. Neither did any prime minister. Winston
Churchill was then prime minister. Lionized in the UK even today for taking on
Adolf Hitler, Churchill escapes scrutiny for his racist, imperialist and
ruthless actions in the colonies. In 1919, he wrote that
he was “strongly in favor of using poisoned gas against uncivilized tribes.” He
ordered that British forces put down the 1920 Iraqi rebellion with an iron
hand. Churchill advocated spreading “a lively terror” among the natives
so that they would come to heel. In Iraq, the Royal Air Force flew missions for
4,008 hours, dropped 97 tons of bombs and fired 183,861 rounds. They used chemical weapons on Iraqis, over 60 years before
Saddam Hussein who targeted Iranians, Shia Arabs and Iraqi Kurds. Under
Churchill, the British government unleashed similar brutality upon the Kenyans.
The British forced
the natives away from their ancestral lands and into reservations. Only a few
years after the Holocaust, the British locked up 1.5 Kikuyu people in
concentration camps, torturing, beating, and starving them to death in large
numbers. This was an egregious act amounting to naked genocide. Their signature
on the UN Charter did not hold them back.
An example of British brutality was revealed in court in
2012. Four Kenyan victims appeared before the High Court in London. Jane Mara, one of the victims,
was 15-years-old at the time. She was repeatedly beaten by the interrogators.
They pinned her down on her back while four guards held her thighs wide open
and kicked a heated glass bottle into her vagina. After that excruciating pain,
she witnessed the same torture inflicted on three other young women. Men were
not spared either. The British designed pliers to squeeze male
testicles.
The US Supported the UK
After World War II, the US became top dog. The Cold War
began. The UK was now a trusted ally. Therefore, the US overlooked British
atrocities in Kenya. Washington was well aware of the British conducting
genocide in Kenya. Just as in the Congo and in Vietnam, the US sided with the
white imperial powers against the colored peoples of the colonies. Remember
this was still a time when the US itself was segregated along racial lines. The
US wanted to free Eastern Europe from Soviet rule but it wanted to perpetuate
British, French or Belgian rule elsewhere.
In the first half of the 20th century, Vanderbilt University
scholar Juan M. Floyd-Thomas observed in the Journal
of American History that Americans thought of East Africa as “a real
white man’s country.” They believed that Kenya deserved Western imperialism and
white supremacy. Over centuries, the US practiced ethnic cleansing of Native
Americans, enslaved African Americans and subjugated ethnic minorities. These
races were deemed biologically and intellectually inferior to the white race.
As is their habit, the US mainstream media, including The New
York Times, followed the official US narrative. They painted a picture
of the African continent described as “synonymous with terror,
hopelessness, and conflict.” The media represented the Mau Mau fighters as
terrorists and criminals with communist connections. They failed to recognize
that Kenyans were involved in a liberation movement. Just like George Washington
and Thomas Jefferson, they too were fighting for independence.
UN Failure and Case for Reparations
After World War II, the UN has consistently failed to stop
genocide, prevent ethnic cleansing or rescue victims. It has been unable to
bring the guilty to justice. The UN has failed all around the world from
Cambodia to Sudan.
The UN represents the interests of powerful nations. Five of
them have veto power in the Security Council. Naturally, the Peace Worldwide
Organization considers the UN a failed institution, and gives it a mere 12 out of
100.
The UN has failed to deliver justice to the Kenyans too.
Despite British denials and cover-ups, evidence of their atrocities is
overwhelming. So, an International Court of Tribunal for Kenya (ICTK) would be
a good first start. Just as Holocaust victims have been compensated, their
properties restituted, Kenyans must also get compensation and restitution.
The British must acknowledge, apologize and make reparations
for the genocide and atrocities they committed during colonial times.
Importantly, reparation payments should go directly to victims and their
descendants, not into the coffers of Kenya’s corrupt government. A sum must be
set aside for education and infrastructure to compensate for the ravages of
colonization.
What’s Holding Kenya Back?
No sum can ever wipe out the suffering of the Kenyans
people. However, reparations are important for three reasons. First, victims
get justice. Second, poor countries and poor victims get valuable financial
support. Third, they set an important precedent of imperial masters being held
accountable. Germany paid compensation to Jews who suffered unspeakable tragedy
during the Holocaust. This has made the country less likely to repeat the
atrocities of the past. The UK must be held to account so that the British do
not repeat the colonial misadventures of Kenya and India in places like Iraq
and Libya.
This
article was originally published in Fair Observer on January 2, 2023.
